Mood disorders, also known as affective disorders, cause disturbances in moods which can make it difficult to function within daily life. These disorders are typically characterised by significant fluctuations in one's emotional state, manifesting as severe depressive lows or manic highs. Mood disorders are diagnosed by a psychiatrist through a psychiatric evaluation.

A key feature of mood disorders is that the emotional disruptions are persistent and intense. These disturbances are outside of what is considered to be typical fluctuations in mood. The impact of these disorders can influence every aspect of an individual’s life; from relationships to employability and overall well-being. 

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, mood disorders affect approximately 7.5% of Australians aged 16-85 in any given year. This includes major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia.

Types of mood disorders

The two main types of mood disorders are depression and bipolar disorder. 

Depression

Depression or major depressive disorder (MDD), involve ongoing feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of pleasure or interest in most activities. Depression is more than just feeling a bit down or sad, it’s a serious condition that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. 

There are a range of factors which can cause depression: 

• Genetics: family history of depression
• Brain chemistry: imbalance in hormones or neurotransmitters
• Environment: traumatic or stressful life events
• Medical conditions: chronic illness or medications that affect mood

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder causes extreme mood swings that range from emotional highs (mania and hypomania) to intense lows (depression). These dramatic shifts in mood can affect sleep, energy levels, judgement, and behaviour. There are multiple types of bipolar disorder each with their own distinct patterns of mood episodes. 

Manic episodes tend to lead to feelings of euphoria, an increase in energy, a decreased need for sleep, rapid speech, and racing thoughts. 

Depressive episodes are similar to those of MDD, and include a lack of energy, a loss of interest in activities, and persistent sadness. 

The cause of bipolar disorder is complex and unknown. However, research suggests that a combination of factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disorder.

These include: 

• Family links: having a family member with bipolar disorder.
• Brain structure and function: abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitter function.
• Environment: stressful life events, including significant loss, abuse, and overwhelming problems in everyday life (financial, work, relationships).

Mood disorders affect approximately 7.5% of Australians aged 16-85 in any given year. This includes major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dysthymia.

Risks of mood disorders

Mood disorders significantly increase the risk of self-harm and suicide, with numerous studies highlighting the strong correlation between these mental health conditions and suicidal behaviours.

The Black Dog Institute estimates that around 60% of people who die by suicide in Australia have a mood disorder. 

Depressive episodes can increase feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and intense emotional pain that can lead to someone considering or engaging in self-harming behaviours. 

Manic episodes can lead to impulsive and risky behaviours. During an abnormally elevated state, increased energy and hyperactivity are common. This can lead to poor judgement, impaired decision making, an inflated sense of self-esteem or one’s abilities, and, in some cases, delusions or hallucinations can accompany mania. 

Given the heightened risk of self-harm and suicide among those with mood disorders, it is crucial to have preventive measures and support systems in place. 

Treatment and support is available

There are a range of treatments available for mood disorders which may include a combination of:

• Medication: antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilisers.
• Psychotherapy: cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), psychoeducation, and family therapy. Regular appointments with professional support - psychologists, psychiatrists and therapists.
• Lifestyle management: regular routines, exercise, stress management techniques, healthy diet, and sleep.
• Support networks: connecting with peer support groups and others with similar lived experiences. Family and friends can provide crucial emotional support, monitor symptoms, and encourage treatment plans.

By taking an active approach to manage mood disorders and their associated symptoms, it is possible to live a happy and meaningful life. 

Crisis intervention

In severe cases of mood disorders, especially if there is a risk of self-harm or suicide,  immediate intervention is necessary. 

Emergency services

If you or a loved one requires immediate assistance, call emergency services (000).

Hotlines

• Lifeline (13 11 14)
• Beyond Blue (1300 22 4636)

Hospitalisation

Inpatient care may be required for individuals experiencing severe symptoms. 

If you or someone you know is struggling with a mood disorder, it is important to seek professional help.